UK Mortgage Terminology
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Introduction
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The UK mortgage market is one of the most innovative and competitive in the world. Unlike other countries there is no intervention in the market by the state or state funded entities and virtually all borrowing is funded by either mutual organisations (building societies and credit unions) or proprietary lenders (typically banks). Since 1982, when the market was substantially deregulated, there has been substantial innovation and diversification of strategies employed by lenders to attract borrowers. This has led to a wide range of mortgage types:
Mortgage types
Repaying the capital
Repayment mortgage - a mortgage repayment method where the capital and interest is repaid.
Interest-only mortgage where the capital is not repaid until the end of the mortgage.
Endowment mortgage - an interest only mortgage where the capital is repaid by one or more endowment policies at the end of the mortgage term.
An investment backed mortgage - an interest only mortgage where the capital is repaid with the proceeds of a PEP or ISA or other investment plan at the end of the mortgage term. (Note: PEPs are no longer available to new investors). Sometimes these are referred to as PEP mortgages or ISA mortgages
Pension mortgage where the tax-free cash lump sum of a personal pension scheme is used to repay an interest-only mortgage at retirement.
Types of interest rate
Variable rate - the rate varies at the discretion of the lender.
Standard variable rate - the default variable rate the lender offers to mortgage borrowers with a standard residential mortgage.
Tracker rate - a variable rate that is linked to an underlying public interest rate (typically Bank of England repo rate) by a predetermined margin. For borrowers the rate is often linked to the LIBOR.
Fixed rate - the interest rate remains constant for a set period; typically for 2, 3, 4, 5 or 10 years. Longer term fixed rates (over 5 years) whilst available, tend to be more expensive and therefore less popular than shorter term fixed rates.
Discount rate - where there is reduction in the standard variable rate (e.g. a 2% discount) for a set period; typically 1 to 5 years. Sometimes the rate is stepped (e.g. 3% in year 1, 2% in year 2, 1% in year three).
Capped rate - where similar to a fixed rate, the interest the rate cannot rise above the cap but can vary beneath the cap. Sometimes there is a collar associated with this type of rate which imposes a minimum rate. Capped rate are often offered over periods similar to fixed rates, e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5 years.
Other types
Buy to let mortgage - a semi-commercial mortgage on residential property let to tenants.
Right to buy mortgage - a mortgage arranged under the right to buy your home legislation for council or housing association tenants.
Let and buy mortgage - you let your existing property and buy a new property with a mortgage.
Flexible mortgage - allows additional capital payments without penalty and often allows payment holidays or underpayments.
Adverse credit mortgage - mortgage to borrowers with credit problems, e.g. county court judgements.
Self-cert mortgage - a mortgage where the lender does not seek proof of income to demonstrate affordability; but instead relies on a statement of earnings as certified by the borrower(s).
Non-status mortgage - a mortgage where the borrowing is not dependent on the income of the applicant and the applicant states they can afford the repayments.
Deferred interest mortgage
Offset mortgage - a mortgage where the borrower can reduce the interest charged by offsetting a credit balance against the mortgage debt.
Foreign currency mortgage - where the debt is transferred to one or more foreign currencies to reduce capital and interest payments through fluctuation in exchange rates.
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